Impact and feasibility of darklight LED on indoor visible light positioning system

Light emitting diodes free-space optical communication indoor navigation Lighting Visible light communication VLC TDOA indoor communication LED lights light emitting diodes IP networks Darklight darklight visible light communication technique DL-VLC energy waste indoor lighting system indoor positioning system Indoor positioning system indoor visible light positioning system integrated optoelectronics IPS function lighting Mathematical model Photodiodes positioning error power 1.4 mW power 19.8 W shot noise Simulation thermal noise unidirectional visible light communication VLC IPS